ANALYSIS OF OSTEOPOROSIS RISK FACTORS IN THE ELDERLY

Abstract

Background: Osteoporosis is a significant public health issue in the elderly population, characterised by a decrease in bone mass and an increased risk of fractures. As people age, the elderly become the most vulnerable group due to physiological changes, lifestyle, and comorbidities. Identifying preventable risk factors is crucial for early prevention and improving the quality of life of the elderly. Objective: To analyse the primary risk factors for osteoporosis in the elderly based on scientific literature from the past ten years. Methods: A literature review of 11 articles from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar published between 2016 and 2025, in English or Indonesian, and discussing the risk of osteoporosis in the elderly. Results: The primary risk factors include advanced age, female gender, menopause, family history, smoking, insufficient physical activity, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, and corticosteroid use. Adequate physical activity and nutrition have been proven to be protective against osteoporosis. Conclusion: A combination of biological factors and lifestyle plays a role in the risk of osteoporosis in the elderly. Prevention through education on healthy lifestyles is essential.

Keywords: Physical Activity, Risk Factors, Elderly, Osteoporosis