NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTION TO REDUCE BLOOD PRESSURE IN ELDERLY HYPERTENSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Abstract

Background: Hypertension among the elderly is a major health concern contributing to increased cardiovascular risk. Non-pharmacological approaches have been widely applied as complementary alternatives to medical treatment. Objective: to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of various non-pharmacological interventions in reducing blood pressure among elderly individuals with hypertension. Methods: a systematic literature review of 23 primary research articles published between 2020 and 2025. Articles were retrieved from four major databases: Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Data were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively based on the average reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Results: Non-pharmacological interventions were classified into five categories: physical exercise, psychological and relaxation therapy, herbal and natural remedies, hydrotherapy, and educational programs. Physical activity and relaxation interventions showed the greatest impact (systolic reduction 16.8–17.5 mmHg; diastolic 12.5–12.7 mmHg). While most studies had a moderate risk of bias, consistent findings were supported by several low-risk RCTs. Conclusion: Non-pharmacological interventions are proven to be effective and safe in lowering blood pressure among the elderly. A combined approach involving exercise, relaxation, and self-management education is recommended for integration into community-based elderly health programs.

Keywords: Non-Pharmacological Intervention, Blood Pressure, Elderly, Hypertension, Systematic Review